Automated Optical Inspection (AOI): Enhancing PCB Quality and Efficiency in Modern Manufacturing

Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a machine-based technique that uses cameras to scan printed circuit boards (PCBs)  for defects and failures. AOI systems are used in PCB fabrication and assembly, as well as for testing PCBs. They can   detect a variety of surface feature defects such as Nodules, Scratches, Stains, Open circuits, Thinning of soldered joints, and Dimensional defects. It plays an effective and accurate role in detecting the electronic assemblies and your PCBs to make sure the product has a high quality leaving the production line and your PCB without any manufacturing faults.

AOI systems typically contain many light sources and multiple cameras. AOI is the integration of optics, mechanics, electronic control, and software to replace the human eye. In the real world, PCBs are getting smaller and more complex; even a relatively simple board can be made up of literally thousands of soldered components. AOI monitors the quality of   PCB production and corrects them in the process flow, which is a key to success in today's competitive PCB production  environment.

How Does An Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Work?

AOI systems are commonly used in the production of all kinds of products but are especially important for monitoring  printed circuit boards for defects and accurate measurements beyond the capabilities of a human inspector. An AOI system typically contains many light sources and multiple cameras, sometimes including video cameras. The light sources illuminate a PCB from different angles, and the cameras take pictures or videos to create a comprehensive image for assessment.

Some specific features are only for the development of an AOI system used for PCB manufacturing. To provide true coplanarity inspection capabilities and volumetric inspection data, an AOI system requires different types of cards to connect to devices such as robotic arms and CCD cameras. For the AOI system to keep pace with increasing manufacturing speeds, a powerful Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) card is needed. When comparing the speed, efficiency, and flexibility of   other test and inspection methods, the benefits of AOI are clear; using a powerful GPU card was key to speeding up the inspection process.

The Advantages of Automated Optical Inspection:

Practically speaking, though, most AOI takes place in post-production. The reason is that AOI can use a single system to inspect for many kinds of defects at the same time. It takes less time to do one comprehensive inspection than it does    to inspect after every step in the process.

When AOI uncovers a flaw in a PCB, it flags the board to go back for repairs. This process can happen in a couple of different ways. AOI can automatically detect places where the actual board deviates from the ideal design and flag it for reworking. Some main advantages include:

1) Positional accuracy: As the size of components decreases, the positional accuracy of both inspection equipment and manufacturing is increasingly important. An AOI system should have sub-pixel accuracy to detect the small deviations in position that can result in a defect.

2) Low cost: The AOI test can improve the pass rate of PCB so that it reduces the PCB cost.

3) Multiple inspection objects: The AOI test not only works well in PCBs but also for PCB assembly. However, for PCB assembly, it inspects component soldering, polarity and values.

4) Programmable lighting: It's important for lighting to achieve the desired results in any machine vision application.   Considering the constantly changing environment of electronics fabrication, it's impossible to find one light source that can detect all defect conditions. AOI test can flexibly increase the contrast of the image which makes it easy to identify a multitude of defect conditions with multiple colours at different angles.

5) Network capable software: One important function of any AOI system is data collection and retrieval. The data can  be in the form of a text output, image collection, database, or a combination of several formats.

6) Good Flexibility: AOI can be used in any stage of the fabrication process based on the needs and cost tolerance capacity. But it is better to do an AOI test after reflow soldering as most of the defects are the result of failure in the soldering process. So that reduces corresponding cost and increases inspection efficiency.

AOI provides the following benefits for PCB production:

1) Ensuring quality: Ensuring the quality of your products helps you increase customer satisfaction, enhance your reputation in the business, and provide peace of mind about the value of the service you’re giving your clients.

2) Evaluating a complex board: At Millenium Circuits, if one of our boards contains more than 100 components, it automatically undergoes AOI. AOI can inspect intricate board designs with a degree of accuracy the human eye cannot        match.

3) Improving processes: If flaws result from faulty processes, catching the flaws immediately via AOI can help you identify patterns of defects and adjust your processes before you turn out thousands of boards with the same faults. A recent study published in the International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology reports that catching a fault in a   recently assembled board is only 10 times costlier than catching a defect in a bare board, but finding a fault in a board that has gone on to field use is 1,000 times costlier.

4) Customizability: AOI is an automated process, but the operator can set the parameters to tell the scanner what to inspect for. If your design specifications change, it's easy to adjust your settings to detect the flaws you need to find.

What kinds of defects can be checked during AOI?

For a PCB with components (SMT inspection) defects like insufficient solder joints, height defects, wrong part, solder bridging, excessive solder joints, billboarding, volume defects, tombstoning, component offset,  component polarity, component presence or absence, component skew, area defects, flipped component, insufficient paste around leads, lifted leads, no population tests, paste registration, and severely damaged components.

For PCB board defects like short circuits, line width violations, spacing violations, excess copper, missing pad, cuts, incorrect mounting of components, as well as hole breakage (whether via is going outside of its pad). Some basic tests include:

1. Open Circuits

Open circuits in a PCB are relatively common flaws, and they are problematic because an incomplete circuit prevents the electrical current from running. When a circuit is open, the board will not function correctly. Open circuits can occur because of improperly formed vias and traces or because of soldering that does not reach its targets. A visual inspection or   X-ray imaging can sometimes detect an obvious open circuit.

2. Solder Bridges or Solder Shorts

Solder bridges occur when solder connects two components on a PCB that should not connect electrically. These bridges can form when board production uses too much solder or when solder seeps into an area of the board intended to remain solder-free. Solder bridges are problematic because they disrupt the intended flow of current through the board.   They can cause short-circuiting or burn up critical components or traces on the board.

3. Insufficient Solder

An insufficient solder joint occurs when the production process uses too little solder to connect different components to the board. Sometimes the solder fails to connect the components altogether and these situations are known as solder skips. An AOI can scan and note the amount of solder on each component or compare the board to a correct image to determine whether the board requires resoldering.

4. Excess Solder

Excess solder occurs when the opposite happens, the production process puts too much solder onto the board. It sometimes occurs because the soldering tips used are too wide, or it can result from overapplication. Excess solder can cause many difficulties, including malformations like solder bridges. When production applies too much solder to a pin on the board, it can also create a large round solder ball that makes it difficult to tell whether the pin is sufficiently wetted to stick to the board.

Detection and inspecting mechanism in AOI:

AOI systems are integrated with optics, mechanics, electronic control, and software. They use a variety of methods to inspect PCBs, including:

1) Template matching: Also called the area-based method or correlation-like method, this method applies a small template to a large inspection image through a sliding template window.

2) Object recognition: This method compares an ideal image with the captured image of an object to observe differences.

3) Blob analysis: This method separates the object from the background.

Component Defects checked by AOI:

Component defects are faults in the small functional parts attached to a board. Below are a few common component defects on PCBs:

1. Lifted Lead

A lifted lead occurs when one of the tiny metal pads on a PCB fails to adhere properly. Sometimes a lifted lead occurs because of excessive heat or handling during production or because of flexion in the board. Other times it results when leads are too long and rise when they come into contact with solder.

Lifted leads are problematic because they are unstable. The pads on your board allow pins to connect to the copper plate underneath, but if the lead lifts, the pins will not be able to make the proper connections. Missed connections can cause component failure and compromise the board’s performance.

2. Missing Components

A PCB may lack a component for a few different reasons. Inadequate soldering can lead to missing components, or the production process may skip over a necessary part. A missing component is a serious flaw on a PCB, it is likely to cause catastrophic failure. The human eye may notice missing parts, but because this is such a consequential fault, having a reliable AOI scanner is critical for catching PCBs with missing components before they make it to consumers.

3. Misaligned or Misplaced Component

Misalignment or misplacement can occur when the production process places components incorrectly or when components shift after placement. With a misaligned or misplaced component, the PCB may still work, but it may perform sluggishly. Or it could fail to perform at all. Misalignments may be too slight to see with the naked eye, so having a dependable AOI scanner is essential for catching these defects.

How Does AOI Compare With Other Inspection Methods?

In comparison with other processes, AOI offers several advantages for detecting faults in PCBs. Below is a breakdown of how AOI stacks up against other inspection methods:

1. Automated X-ray Inspection (AXI):

AXI uses X-rays instead of light imaging to inspect the PCBs. Companies often use AXI to evaluate particularly complex  or densely constructed boards. The reason is that X-rays travel through the materials to image them. Because the light  used for AOI reflects off surfaces, it' s possible for one component to block another. An X-ray travels through different layers of material, though, accurately imaging all of them. AXI is so costly, it's often not worth using except with especially complicated or highly clustered boards.

2. Automatic Laser Test (ALT) Measurement:

ALT measurement uses lasers instead of traditional light imaging to scan and measure PCBs. The ALT system uses lasers’ locations to pinpoint the positioning and height of different components and assess their reflectivity. As with AOI,     the ALT system can compare the empirical measurements to a schematic or set of specifications to detect any flaws. ALT  measurement is particularly useful in evaluating the location and quantity of solder paste, though interference can sometimes make the measurements inaccurate.

3. Manual Visual Inspection (MVI)

Most PCB companies prefer AOI to manual visual inspection because AOI does not require touching the boards. A human inspector must handle the boards, and handling could introduce defects to an otherwise perfect board. AOI can scan PCBs without disturbing their delicate components and preserve their structural integrity.

AOI is also more dependable than human visual inspection. A person can easily miss a small flaw in the PCB. But AOI can catch even the tiniest of errors. Its rigorous acuity never diminishes, it can scan the board in finer detail than the human eye allows, and it is consistently reliable across all stages of the production process.

Software Algorithms in AOI:

The performance of an AOI machine or system is heavily reliant on the power and precision of the processing software algorithms that it utilizes. These algorithms take on the task of analyzing the data captured by the optical system to identify defects in the items being inspected. In essence, they serve as the 'brain' of the AOI system, enabling it to discern acceptable units from those with defects.

There are several types of software algorithms commonly used in AOI systems:

1) Pattern matching algorithms: They work by comparing the image of an inspected item to a stored reference image,  looking for significant deviations.

2) Statistical pattern matching: This algorithm learns the normal variations in the appearance of a product over a number of good units and uses statistical measures to determine when a product deviates too far from the normal variation.  This allows for a much more adaptive system capable of handling natural product variation without false alarms.

3) Feature-based algorithms: These algorithms identify and quantify specific features in the image, such as edges, corners, or areas of a particular color or texture. The identified features are then compared against predefined criteria to determine whether the inspected unit passes or fails.

4) ML algorithms:  In recent years, machine learning algorithms have begun to find their place in AOI systems. These algorithms, often based on neural network architectures, are capable of learning to identify defects from a large set of training images.

It's important to note that the choice of algorithm depends largely on the specifics of the inspection task. Certain algorithms may perform exceptionally well in some situations, but not others.

So why is AOI so important in mass manufacturing?

If your PCB design is correct, and you assemble the right components in the right place, then your product will work. In production, it will focus on detecting and correcting any fabrication defects or manufacturing defects analysis. There is  no doubt that AOI is an important inspection system to test and check the quality of your PCB fabrication, as well as correct any problems or defects at any strategic point in the process flow.  So the sooner finding the faults in the manufacturing process, the easier the more cost-effective it is to avoid replicating the same problem on a larger scale. In a word, AOI is necessary for you if you’re in the business of creating PCBs.

Conclusion:

In a word, it can check the quality of the boards coming off the end of the line for any PCB fabrication area. Only in this way can they monitor quality and rectify the process as detecting there are problems so that it won’t make an effect    on other boards. In this way, automatic optical inspection and X-ray inspection are necessary tools for the PCB fabrication industry. We will be committed to adhering to the strictest standards in manufacture and assembly with AOI and X-ray  inspection.

In conclusion, AOI technology has already transformed the world of manufacturing and continues to evolve to meet the ever-increasing demands of industries worldwide. Its impact on enhancing productivity, reducing costs, and improving  quality is an undeniable testament to its essential role in modern manufacturing.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

1. What are the reasons for deploying automated optical inspection in manufacturing?

AOI, or Automated Optical Inspection, is used in the modern manufacturing industry to enhance inspection consistency and accuracy as well as reduce production cost and time. It is exceptionally useful in maintaining quality standards, especially in high-speed manufacturing lines where manual inspection is impractical.

2. What are 2D and 3D AOI systems?

2D AOI systems inspect products based on two dimensions: width and height, identifying defects using patterns and      color differentials. 3D AOI systems add depth to the inspection process, allowing them to detect three-dimensional defects that might be missed by 2D AOI.

3. How does AOI contribute to quality control in high-speed manufacturing?

AOI systems can inspect hundreds to thousands of components per minute, matching the pace of high-speed manufacturing lines. They also provide real-time feedback, allowing for adjustments to be made immediately if defects are detected. This contributes to improved product quality and reduced waste.

4. How has AOI technology evolved over time?

The evolution of AOI technology has seen advances in both hardware and software aspects. Modern AOI systems leverage cutting-edge optical systems and sophisticated software algorithms to detect an ever-wider range of potential defects. This ongoing evolution continues to enhance the capabilities of AOI in meeting the demands of modern manufacturing.